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exceptions thrown by Hibernate are fatal. In many cases, the best a developer can do in this situation is to clean up, display an error message, and exit the application. Therefore, starting with Hibernate 3.x, all exceptions thrown by Hibernate are subtypes of the unchecked RuntimeException, which is usually handled in a single location in an application. This also makes any Hibernate template or wrapper API obsolete.

From this point forward, configuration is dependent upon your workspace settings. We cover more details of our configuration in the next section. Once configuration is complete, the fun begins.

First, even though we admit that you wouldn t write your application code with dozens (or hundreds) of try/catch blocks, the example we showed isn t complete. This is an example of the standard idiom for a Hibernate unit of work with a database transaction that contains real exception handling:

Our workspace configuration is as follows:

Session session = null; Transaction tx = null; try { session = sessionFactory.openSession(); tx = session.beginTransaction(); tx.setTimeout(5); concludeAuction(session); tx.commit(); } catch (RuntimeException ex) { try { tx.rollback(); } catch (RuntimeException rbEx) { log.error("Couldn t roll back transaction", rbEx); } throw ex; } finally { session.close(); }

< xml version="1.0" > <workspace basedir="c:\temp\gump" pkgdir="C:\tools\gump" version="0.3"> <property name="build.sysclasspath" value="first"/> <profile href="profile/erik.xml"/> <project name="ant" home="c:\AntBook\jakarta-ant-1.5"> <jar name="lib/ant.jar"/> <jar name="lib/optional.jar"/> <jar name="lib/junit.jar"/> <jar name="lib/log4j.jar"/> </project> </workspace>

Any Hibernate operation, including flushing the persistence context, can throw a RuntimeException. Even rolling back a transaction can throw an exception! You want to catch this exception and log it; otherwise, the original exception that led to the rollback is swallowed. An optional method call in the example is setTimeout(), which takes the number of seconds a transaction is allowed to run. However, real monitored transactions aren t available in a Java SE environment. The best Hibernate can do if you run this code outside of an application server (that is, without a transaction manager) is to set the number of seconds the driver will wait for a PreparedStatement to execute (Hibernate exclusively uses prepared statements). If the limit is exceeded, an SQLException is thrown.

You don t want to use this example as a template in your own application, because you should hide the exception handling with generic infrastructure code. You can, for example, write a single error handler for RuntimeException that knows when and how to roll back a transaction. The same can be said about opening and closing a Session. We discuss this with more realistic examples later in the next chapter and again in chapter 16, section 16.1.3, The Open Session in View pattern. Hibernate throws typed exceptions, all subtypes of RuntimeException that help you identify errors:

This workspace definition tells the builds to set the special build.sysclasspath2 property so that system classpath comes before all paths used internal to a build. The profile definition defines projects we want to build, and the <project> element defines where our Ant installation resides. We could have gone even further and had our project depend on the build of Ant itself, but we opted to simply point Gump to an already built version of Ant. Our profile, erik.xml, defines what projects we want to build and which repositories are available:

The most common HibernateException is a generic error. You have to either check the exception message or find out more about the cause by calling getCause() on the exception. A JDBCException is any exception thrown by Hibernate s internal JDBC layer. This kind of exception is always caused by a particular SQL statement, and you can get the offending statement with getSQL(). The internal exception thrown by the JDBC connection (the JDBC driver, actually) is available with getSQLException() or getCause(), and the database- and vendor-specific error code is available with getErrorCode(). Hibernate includes subtypes of JDBCException and an internal converter that tries to translate the vendor-specific error code thrown by the database driver into something more meaningful. The built-in converter can produce JDBCConnectionException, SQLGrammarException, LockAquisitionException, DataException, and ConstraintViolationException for the most important database dialects supported by Hibernate. You can either manipulate or enhance the dialect for your database, or plug in a SQLExceptionConverterFactory to customize this conversion. Other RuntimeExceptions thrown by Hibernate should also abort a transaction. You should always make sure you catch RuntimeException, no matter what you plan to do with any fine-grained exception-handling strategy.

<profile name="erik"> <module href="project/antbook.xml"/> <module href="project/xdoclet.xml"/> <repository href="repository/eiger.xml"/> <repository href="repository/sourceforge.xml"/> </profile>